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    • 专利摘要:
    Process for the exploitation of a fluid within an underground formation comprising a network of fractures. - From measurements of properties relating to the formation, of a mesh representation of the formation, and of statistical parameters relating to the network of fractures, each mesh of the mesh representation is broken down into at least one unfractured matrix block and an equivalent permeability tensor of the fracture network in the mesh considered. Then, a characteristic dimension of the matrix block is determined according to a function relation at least of the eigenvalues of the equivalent permeability tensor. From the gridded representation, the characteristic dimension and a flow simulator, an optimal exploitation diagram of the fluid of the formation is defined and said fluid is exploited according to the optimal exploitation diagram. - Application in particular to oil exploration and exploitation.
    公开号:FR3045868A1
    申请号:FR1562615
    申请日:2015-12-17
    公开日:2017-06-23
    发明作者:Chahir Jerbi；Andre Fourno；Benoit Noetinger
    申请人:IFP Energies Nouvelles IFPEN；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    The present invention relates to the field of the petroleum industry, and more particularly to the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbon deposits or geological gas storage sites.
    In particular, the invention relates to a method for constructing a representation of an underground formation traversed by any fracture network, and the use of this representation for the simulation of fluid flows in the formation in question. The oil industry, and more specifically the exploration and exploitation of oil and other deposits, require the acquisition of as precise a knowledge of underground geology as possible, in order to effectively provide an assessment of reserves, a modeling of the production, or the management of the exploitation. Indeed, the determination of the location of a production well or an injection well within a hydrocarbon reservoir, the constitution of the drilling mud, the completion characteristics, the choice of a hydrocarbon recovery process (such as water injection for example) and the parameters necessary for the implementation of this process (such as the injection pressure, the production rate, etc.) require know the deposit well. The knowledge of a deposit means to have as precise a description as possible of the structure, the petrophysical properties, the properties of the fluids, etc., of the deposit studied.
    To acquire this knowledge, the oil industry combines field measurements (made in situ, during seismic surveys, measurements in wells, coring, etc.) with experimental modeling (carried out in the laboratory) as well as with numerical simulations (performed using software).
    The formalization of this knowledge then goes through the establishment of a model of the subsoil, known as the "geological model", which allows to account for these aspects in an approximate way. Generally, this type of model is represented on a computer, and one speaks then of numerical model. A reservoir model has a mesh representation (in the form of a regular grid, or in the form of a mesh more generally), generally three-dimensional, at least one petrophysical property (porosity, permeability, saturation ...) being assigned to each mesh of the mesh representation.
    In order to reproduce or predict (i.e. "simulate") the actual hydrocarbon production, the tank engineering specialist implements a calculation software, called "tank simulator". The reservoir simulator is a flow simulator, which calculates the flows and pressure evolution within the reservoir represented by a "reservoir model". If the computing power available to perform the flow simulations allows, the reservoir model can be confused with the geological model. In the opposite case, the reservoir model can be obtained after an "upscaling" technique, which makes it possible to go from the geological model (model with finer meshes) to the reservoir model. (model with coarser mesh). This upscaling step is well known to the tank engineering specialist and can be performed for example using the CobraFlow software (IFP Energies nouvelles, France).
    The results of these calculations then make it possible to predict and optimize exploitation plans (definition of the number of wells to be implanted, their position, the assisted recovery mode, etc.) of the deposit studied in order to improve flow rates and / or the quantities of recovered hydrocarbons. The calculation of the behavior of the reservoir according to a given production scenario constitutes a reservoir simulation.
    The following documents will be quoted during the description:
    Bourbiaux, B., Cacas, M.C., Sarda, S. and Sabathier J.C., 1998, "A Rapid and Efficient Methodology to Convert Fractured Reservoir Images into a Dual-Porosity Model," Oil & Gas Science and Technology, Vol. 53, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1998, 785-799.
    Oda, M., 1985, Permeability Tensor for Discontinuous Rock Masses, Geotechnical Vol 35, Issue 4, 483-495.
    Warren, J.E. and Root, P.J., "The Behavior of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs", SPE Journal (September 1963), 245-255.
    Fractured reservoirs are an extreme type of heterogeneous geological reservoirs, with two contrasting media: a matrix medium containing most of the oil in place and having a low permeability, and a fractured medium representing less than 1% of the oil in place and highly conductive. The fractured environment itself can be complex, composed of different families of fractures characterized by their density, and distributions relating to the length of the fractures of each family, their orientation in space and their opening. A "fracture" is a plane discontinuity, very thin in relation to its extension, which represents a plane of rupture of a rock in the deposit.
    The specialists in charge of the operation of fractured reservoirs, need to know perfectly the role of the fractures. On the one hand, knowledge of the distribution and behavior of these fractures makes it possible to optimize the production patterns of a hydrocarbon deposit, ie the number of wells to be drilled, their location, their geometry, the type of recovery fluid injected etc. On the other hand, the geometry of the fracture network conditions the movement of the fluids, both at the reservoir scale and at the local scale, where it determines elementary matrix blocks in which the oil is trapped. Knowing the distribution of fractures is also very useful for the tank engineer who seeks to calibrate the models he builds, so that the models built reproduce the past production curves, in order to predict future productions. reliably. For these purposes, geoscientists have three-dimensional images of the deposits, making it possible to locate a large number of fractures.
    Faced with the complexity of fractured media, specialists often use a "double medium" approach to represent this type of environment. Described, for example, in (Warren and Root, 1963), this approach assumes that any elementary volume (mesh of the reservoir model) of the fractured reservoir is modeled as a set of identical parallelepipedic blocks, called matrix blocks, delimited by a orthogonal system of continuous uniform fractures oriented along the main directions of flow. The flow of the fluids, at the reservoir scale, is carried out through the fractures for the most part, and fluid exchanges occur locally between the fractures and the matrix blocks. Most often, meshes have lateral dimensions MF (usually 100 or 200 m) given the size of the fields and limited possibilities of simulation software in terms of capacity and calculation time. As a result, for most fractured fields, the fracture reservoir elemental volume (mesh) contains innumerable fractures forming a complex network delimiting multiple matrix blocks of variable size and shape depending on the geological context. Each of the constituent real blocks exchanges fluids with the fractures that surround it at a rate (flow) that is specific to it because of the size and shape of this particular block.
    Faced with such a geometrical complexity of the real environment, the approach of the reservoir engineering specialist consists, for each elementary volume (mesh) of reservoir, to represent the real fractured medium as a set of matricial blocks all identical, parallelepipedic, delimited by a orthogonal and regular network of fractures oriented along the main directions of flow: for each mesh, the so-called "equivalent" permeabilities of this network of fractures are thus determined and a matrix block, called "representative" (of the actual distribution ( geological) blocks), unique and of parallelepipedic shape. It is then possible to formulate and calculate the matrix-crack exchange fluxes for this "representative" block, and to multiply the result by the number of such blocks in the elementary volume (mesh) to obtain the flux at the scale of this mesh.
    One of the steps of the double-medium approach is therefore to determine the characteristic dimension of representative matrix blocks for each cell of the reservoir model. This determination must be as precise as possible in order to better account for the flows in the tank. But this step must also be performed in reasonable calculation times, in order to make the dual-medium approach applicable routinely, even for subterranean formations with complex fracture networks.
    State of the art
    Patent applications FR 2757957 (US 6064944) and FR 2923930 (US Pat. No. 8688424) are known which describe a method making it possible to calculate the characteristic dimension of a matrix block, representative of the non-fractured rock blocks, from a model of discrete fracture network, image analysis and interpolation of an invasion curve. This method is implemented layer by layer, and in particular requires image analysis (pixelation) for each layer of the subterranean formation studied. The size of blocks in the plane of each layer is then fairly well characterized but that in a plane perpendicular to the layers (often a subvertical plane) is not accessible. Thus this approach is a 2D approach, which does not correctly represent the reality of fractured environments. In addition, this method requires for each layer an image analysis (pixelation), and is therefore relatively expensive. Subsequently, this process will be called pixelation method.
    There is also known a method of calculating matrix block size, referred to as a ray draw method. This method consists, from a discrete fracture network model, of drawing straight line segments in a mesh, and counting the number of intersections of this line segment with fractures of the discrete fracture network. A characteristic dimension of approximate matrix block is then equal to the length of the segment referred to the number of intersections determined. The major flaw of this method is not to take into account the connectivity of the fracture network. For example, for the same ray density, a connected network may have a block size identical to that of a poorly connected network, while the flow in these two networks is actually different. The second defect is to provide a result depending on the position and the density of the drawn radii. Thus, for example in the case of a low-density fracture network, two applications of this method, with two different radiographs, may lead to different results. This method, however effective in computing time, is for example implemented in the FracaFlow software (IFP Energies nouvelles, France).
    One of the objects of the present invention relates to a method for exploiting an underground formation, by means of a method of determining the characteristic dimension of a matrix block representative of the non-fractured rock blocks for at least one mesh of the reservoir model and this, from the calculation of a tensor of equivalent permeability of the network of fractures, and without necessarily resorting to a model of network of fractures discrete. The method according to the invention is, moreover, three-dimensional and inexpensive in computing time.
    The process according to the invention
    Thus, the present invention relates to a method for the exploitation of a fluid in an underground formation traversed by a fracture network, in which, from measurements of properties relating to said formation, a grid representation of said formation and determining statistical parameters relating to said fracture network. The method comprises at least the following steps for at least one mesh of said meshed representation: A. said mesh is decomposed into at least one matrix block, said matrix block representing a portion of said non-fractured formation, said block being delimited by fractures of said network of fractures present in said mesh; B. determining an equivalent permeability tensor of the fracture network in said mesh; C. determining the main flow directions and the eigenvalues of said equivalent permeability tensor along said directions; D. determining a characteristic dimension of said matrix block according to a function relation at least of said eigenvalues of said permeability tensor; and, from at least said meshed representation, of said characteristic dimension of said matrix block and a flow simulator, an optimum exploitation scheme of said fluid of said formation is defined and said fluid of said formation is exploited by according to said optimal operating scheme.
    According to an embodiment of the present invention, said statistical parameters can be chosen from the following parameters: fracture density, fracture length, orientation of fractures in space, opening of fractures, and distribution of fractures within said formation .
    Advantageously, one can determine said equivalent permeability tensor for said mesh by first constructing a model of discrete fracture network for said mesh.
    According to an embodiment of the present invention, said characteristic dimension of said matrix block of said mesh can be determined according to a formula of the form:
    where Kj is said eigenvalue of said equivalent permeability tensor along said main direction j, with j varying from 1 to 3, kf and ef are respectively predetermined values of permeability and thickness representative of all the fractures of said fracture network; and t1 is said characteristic dimension of said matrix block in said main direction of flow i, i varying from 1 to 3.
    According to an embodiment of the present invention, said characteristic dimension of said matrix block of said mesh can be determined according to a formula of the form:
    where Kj is said eigenvalue of said equivalent permeability tensor along said main direction j, with j varying from 1 to 3, kf and ef are respectively predetermined values of permeability and thickness representative of all the fractures of said fracture network; and t 'is said characteristic dimension of said matrix block in said main direction of flow i, i varying from 1 to 3.
    According to another embodiment of the present invention, said characteristic dimension of said matrix block of said mesh can be determined according to a function relation of at least said eigenvalues of said equivalent permeability tensor and of an equivalent surface permeability tensor. said tensor of equivalent surface permeability being determined according to at least the following steps: - said mesh is reoriented according to said main directions of flow; for each main direction of flow, the flow of said fluid issuing from the fracture traces present on the faces of said reoriented mesh perpendicular to said main direction is determined; for each main direction of flow, said equivalent surface permeability in said direction is determined by equivalence of said flow with a flow representative of a homogeneous medium.
    Advantageously, it is also possible to determine a criterion of acceptability of the representation of said mesh by a plurality of matrix blocks of the same characteristic dimension.
    Preferably, said mesh, for which steps A) to D) are carried out, may be a mesh representative of a mesh group of said meshed representation, said mesh group being determined for example from at least said statistical parameter. , and wherein, in step D), said characteristic dimension can be assigned to said matrix blocks of said meshes of said group.
    According to one embodiment of the invention, said optimal exploitation scheme can be defined by determining a method for recovering said fluid, as well as a number, an implantation and a geometry of injection and / or production wells making it possible to meet pre-defined technical and economic criteria.
    Advantageously, said exploitation of said fluid according to said optimal exploitation scheme may consist at least in drilling said injector and / or producer wells and in producing said fluid according to said recovery method.
    Furthermore, the invention relates to a computer program product downloadable from a communication network and / or recorded on a computer readable medium and / or executable by a processor, comprising program code instructions for the implementation of the method as described above, when said program is run on a computer. Other features and advantages of the method according to the invention will appear on reading the following description of nonlimiting examples of embodiments, with reference to the appended figures and described below.
    Brief presentation of the figures
    Figure 1 shows an example of fracture network in a horizontal section made in a subterranean formation.
    FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a discrete network of visible fractures at the scale of the three-dimensional mesh whose 2D boundaries are presented by the square in FIG.
    Figure 3 shows, on the left, a mesh of a mesh representation, reoriented according to the main directions of flow; and on the right and in gray, the faces of said reoriented mesh, perpendicular to one of the flow directions.
    Figure 4 shows an example of fracture network in a three-dimensional top view.
    Detailed description of the process
    The method according to the invention relates to the exploitation of a fluid within an underground formation traversed by a network of fractures. In a nonlimiting manner, the subterranean formation consists of at least one layer of reservoir rock (that is to say at least one porous and preferably permeable rock). The operation of the fluid present in at least the reservoir rock layer is intended to extract the fluid from this reservoir rock. Without limitation, the fluid in question is of hydrocarbon type (oil, gas, bitumen etc.). Non-limitingly, the subterranean formation may consist of several geological layers, each geological layer may comprise a clean fracture network, and each network may consist of several families of fractures.
    According to the invention, the subterranean formation is represented by a mesh representation, each of the meshes of this representation comprising one or more property values relating to the formation studied. According to the invention, a double-medium approach is used to represent the fractured medium present in a mesh, an approach consisting of breaking down each mesh into identical, parallelepipedic matrix blocks delimited by an orthogonal and regular network of fractures oriented in principal directions. flow.
    The method according to the present invention is based on a method for determining the matrix block characteristic dimension for at least one mesh of the mesh representation representative of the formation studied.
    The present invention requires the provision of: - measurements of properties relating to the studied formation: it can be measurements of petrophysical properties realized in situ, at various points of the studied formation, such as the porosity, the permeability, and the lithology (ie the type of rock), the relative permeability or the capillary pressure. These measurements may have been obtained for example by coring, via logs made in wells, by seismic acquisition campaigns. But it can also be measurements (oil flow rates, water flow rates, pressure variations for example) related to the flows in the studied layer, obtained for example by putting into production of the fluid in some wells passing through the formation. , during well tests or interference tests. These properties can in particular be used to construct a mesh representation of the formation studied. In order to better characterize the fracture network present in said formation, it may also be measures concerning the orientation, the dip or the extension of the fractures present in the formation studied, this information being determined for example from logs or outcrops. - a mesh representation representative of the studied formation: also called "model of reservoir", it is about a kind of model of the subsoil built in order to describe as precisely as possible the structure, the petrophysical properties of the formation studied, or the properties of the fluids present in the formation. This model is generally represented on a computer, and consists of a mesh or grid, each mesh of this grid comprising one or more values of properties relating to the formation studied (porosity, permeability, saturation, etc.). A reservoir model should verify as much as possible the properties related to the studied formation collected in the field: the logging data measured along the wells, the measurements made on rock samples taken from the wells, the data deduced from Seismic acquisition campaigns, production data like oil flow, water flow, pressure changes etc. The tank simulation specialist has full knowledge of methods for constructing such a mesh representation of a formation. Note that the reservoir model can be confused with the geological model when the computer power is sufficient to allow numerical computations of flow simulation on a fine mesh grid. In other cases, the specialist may use an "upscaling" technique to change from a fine-meshed model (the geological model) to a coarser mesh model (the model). tank). This upscaling step can be performed for example using the CobraFlow software (IFP Energies nouvelles, France). of a flow simulator: A flow simulator is a digital program, run on a computer, that is used to predict the flow of fluids within a formation. Simulation of flow, also called reservoir simulation, consists in predicting numerically the production of a fluid trapped in one or more layers of an underground formation, the production requiring the existence of at least one injection well (in which another fluid is injected, which will expel the trapped fluid) and a producing well (towards which the entrapped fluid will be displaced and from which it can be extracted). Advantageously, use will be made of a "double medium" flow simulator, which makes it possible to model the exchanges between the non-fractured rock blocks (matrix blocks) and the fracture network, without requiring the discretization of these blocks. An example of such a simulator is the PUMAFLOW software (IFP Energies nouvelles, France).
    The method according to the invention comprises at least the following steps: 1. Characterization of the fracture network 1.1. Determination of statistical parameters 1.2. Determination of representative meshes (optional) 1.3. Construction of a model of discrete fracture network (optional) 2. Characterization of a double-medium representation 2.1. Decomposition according to a double medium representation 2.2. Determination of a tensor of equivalent permeability 2.3. Diagonalisation of the equivalent permeability tensor 2.4. Determination of the characteristic dimension of matrix block 2.5. Quality Control (Optional) 3- Optimum Operation Flow Diagram of the Training Fluid Stage 1 may include one, two, or three stages, with substeps 1.2 and 1.3 being optional. Sub-step 1.1 is to be performed globally, for the training studied. The sub-step 1.2, optional, consists in determining, for example from the statistical parameters determined in 1.1, at least one mesh representative of a mesh group of the mesh representation. The optional sub-step 1.3 consists in determining a model of discrete fracture network. This sub-step can be performed for a mesh of the meshed representation or for a mesh representative of a mesh group of the meshed representation if appropriate (see optional step 1.2); it can be repeated for each of the meshes of the meshed representation or for each of the meshes representative of groups of meshes of the meshed representation if necessary (cf optional step 1.2). Determining and then considering a representative mesh of a mesh group for subsequent calculations can be advantageous in terms of computation time. Indeed, it is possible, for example, to perform calculations required at a step or sub-step only for the representative mesh considered, and then to attribute the result of these calculations to each of the cells of the said mesh group, thus generating a saving in computation time. . Step 2 is based on the use of a dual-medium representation of the formation and is divided into at least four sub-steps 2.1 to 2.4, step 2.5 being optional. These four substeps (and possibly five) are to be performed for a mesh of the meshed representation or for a mesh representative of a mesh group of the mesh representation if appropriate (see optional step 1.2). They may be repeated for each of the meshes of the mesh representation or for each of the meshes representative of groups of meshes of the mesh representation if appropriate (see optional step 1.2).
    The main steps of the present invention are detailed below. The sub-steps 1.3, and 2.1 to 2.4 are declined for a given mesh, which may be a representative mesh or not. 1. Characterization of the fracture network
    During this step, it is a question of characterizing the network of fractures starting from the measurements of properties relating to the formation realized in situ. 1.1. Determination of statistical parameters
    During this sub-step, it is a question of determining statistical parameters (known under the acronym PSF) such as the orientation of the fractures or the density of fractures, making it possible to characterize the network of fractures of the studied layer. This substep requires measurements, allowing a direct or indirect characterization of the fracturing. Information on the fracturing of a geological layer can be obtained via: - cores, extracted from the formation studied, and from which a statistical study of the intersected fractures can be carried out; and / or - outcrops, which have the advantage of providing a large scale view of the fracture network; and / or - seismic images, allowing to identify large geological events and the geometry of the different structures of the formation.
    Preferentially, a plurality of statistical parameters of fractures are determined in order to characterize the fracturing present within the formation, said parameters being able to be chosen from the density of the fractures observed, their length, their orientation in space, their opening, their permeability and their distribution within the studied layer.
    Statistical parameters are thus available describing the fracture network of the studied formation. These parameters can be used to determine meshes representative of the mesh representation (see optional sub-step 1.2) and / or a discrete fracture network model (see optional sub-step 1.3), on a scale of mesh mesh representation or a mesh representative of the mesh representation. 1.2. Determination of representative meshes (optional)
    This sub-step is optional and consists in determining at least one representative mesh of a mesh group of the mesh representation.
    According to one embodiment of the invention, a mesh group of the meshed representation is formed according to a criterion based on the characteristics of the fracture network present in said mesh, for example by a measure of similarity. Thus, the meshes grouped in a mesh group have similar characteristics in terms of fracturing. This analysis of the resemblance can be performed without limitation from the statistical parameters describing the fracture network, these parameters being determined in the substep 1.1.
    According to one embodiment of the invention, a representative mesh is assigned to the mesh group of the mesh representation thus constituted. Without limitation, one can assign to said mesh group any mesh of said mesh group, or a mesh whose characteristics (orientation of fractures for example) are close to the average characteristics of the mesh group in question.
    According to an embodiment of the present invention, at the end of this step, a plurality of mesh groups have been formed, so that all mesh of the mesh representation has been assigned to a mesh group, and each mesh group being associated with a representative mesh.
    It may be advantageous to consider a mesh representative of a mesh group in order to gain in calculation time. Indeed, one can for example perform calculations required at a step or sub-step for the representative mesh considered, and then assign the result of these calculations to each of the mesh of said mesh group, thus generating a saving in computing time. 1.3. Construction of a discrete fracture network model (optional)
    This sub-step is optional and consists in constructing a realistic image of the fracture network characterized by the statistical parameters (PSF) determined in substep 1.1, via a discrete fracture network model (known by the acronym DFN). , for "Discrete Fracture Network".
    This sub-step may be performed for a mesh of the meshed representation or for a mesh representative of a mesh group of the meshed representation if appropriate (see optional step 1.2), and may be repeated for each of the meshs of the mesh. mesh representation or for each of the meshes representative of mesh groups of the mesh representation if appropriate (see optional step 1.2).
    Thus, during this substep, at least one given mesh is associated with a detailed representation (DFN) of the internal complexity of the fracture network, as faithful as possible of the direct and indirect observations of the reservoir. Figure 1 shows a horizontal section taken in a layer of a formation, and the fracture network, observable at the scale of formation, for this section. FIG. 2 presents the discrete network of visible fractures at the scale of the three-dimensional mesh whose 2D boundaries are presented by the square in FIG. 1. This discrete fracture network constitutes a representative image of the real network of fractures, delimiting matrix blocks not fractured, irregular shapes and sizes.
    To build a discrete fracture network (DFN) model, in at least one mesh of the mesh representation, it is possible to use modeling software, well known to specialists, such as the FRACAFlow® software (IFP Energies nouvelles, France). 2. Characterization of a double middle representation
    During this step, it is a question of breaking down the mesh considered according to a representation "double medium", and to characterize this representation.
    The following steps are available for a mesh, which may be a mesh of the mesh representation or a mesh representative of a mesh group of the mesh representation if appropriate (see optional step 1.2). These steps can be repeated for each mesh of the mesh representation, representative or not. 2.1. Decomposition according to a double middle representation
    During this sub-step, a "double medium" approach, as described in (Warren and Root, 1963), is used to represent, in a simplified way, the studied formation and in particular its network of fractures. Thus, the "double medium" approach consists of simplifying the medium contained in a mesh by supposing that this medium is composed of at least one non-fractured matrix block (that is to say a block composed solely of a matrix and having no fractures) and a fractured medium (including fractures), the matrix block being delimited by said fractures.
    This simplified representation of a fractured medium is classically parameterized by three parameters for each mesh considered (representative or not): the characteristic dimension of the matrix block, the equivalent permeability tensor of the matrix block and the equivalent permeability tensor of the fractured medium. It should be noted that the equivalent permeability tensor of the matrix block is assumed to be known at the input of the method according to the invention and corresponds to the permeability indicated in each of the meshes of the meshed representation, obtained for example after "upscaling" ("setting"). scale "in French) of the geological model. This upscaling step is well known to the tank engineering specialist and can be performed for example using the CobraFlow software (IFP Energies nouvelles, France).
    The following sub-steps are intended to determine the permeability tensor of the fractured medium for the mesh in question, as well as the characteristic dimension of the unfractured matrix block for this same mesh. 2.2. Determination of a tensor of equivalent permeability
    During this sub-step, an equivalent permeability tensor of the fracture network is determined for the mesh in question. A permeability tensor is a mathematical object for representing a spatial heterogeneity of permeability in a subterranean formation. Especially in the case of a formation having a fracture network, the flow of the fluids is directional (for example, the permeability in a formation can be strong in one direction and low in the perpendicular direction). An equivalent permeability tensor is used to indicate that this tensor characterizes an "average" behavior with respect to flows. Thus each fracture of a fracture network has its own permeability and contributes to the flow in the subterranean formation. All these contributions are averaged by an equivalent permeability, which is of tensorial form, the flow being itself directional.
    This sub-step can be performed from the Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) model if appropriate (see optional step 1.3), or directly from the statistical parameters (PSF) determined in step 1.1. This type of calculation of equivalent permeabilities is well known to those skilled in the art. Thus, a permeability tensor representative of the flow properties of the fracture network can be obtained for example by: an analytical method, called "local analytical upscaling", described for example in the document (Oda, 1985) or in the patent application FR 2918179 (US 8078405). This method has the advantage of being very fast and does not require a model of discrete fracture network (DFN). Its scope is, however, limited to well-connected fracture networks. Otherwise, significant errors on the permeability tensor can be found. a numerical method, called "local numerical upscaling", described for example in the document (Bourbiaux, et al., 1998), or in the patent application FR 2757947 (US 6023656) for the calculation of equivalent permeabilities. This method is based on the numerical resolution of the flow equations on a discrete mesh of the fracture network (DFN) for different boundary conditions applied to the column of computation mesh considered. The equivalent permeability tensor is obtained by identifying the ratios between flow rate and pressure drop at the limits of the calculation domain. This approach, more expensive than the previous one, has the advantage of well characterizing a given network (even if it is not connected). One can for example use the numerical method for calculating equivalent properties of fractured media, implemented in the FRACAFlow® software (IFP Energies nouvelles, France).
    According to one embodiment of the invention, said permeability tensor is determined by considering constant fracture thicknesses and permeabilities (denoted ef and kf thereafter) for all the fractures of said formation fracture network. considered.
    According to another embodiment of the invention, said equivalent permeability tensor is determined from the characteristics of the fracture network in each of the meshs of the meshed representation, these characteristics coming for example from the PSF (determined in the sub-section). step 1.1) and / or DFN (determined in substep 1.3). 2.3. Diagonalisation of the equivalent permeability tensor of the fractured medium
    During this substep, from the equivalent permeability tensor determined in the previous substep, the main directions of flow in the mesh and the eigenvalues of the tensor are determined in the principal directions thus determined.
    According to an embodiment of the invention, this determination is carried out by diagonalization of the equivalent permeability tensor determined in the previous substep.
    According to the invention, during this sub-step, the three main directions of the flow are obtained, which will be noted later as dir1 dir2 and dir3, the direction din (respectively dir2 and dir3) being chosen so that its angle with the abscissa axis (respectively the ordinate axis, the vertical axis) is the lowest. And we also obtain the three eigenvalues of this tensor, which will be noted later, K2, K3, respectively associated with the three main directions din, dir2 and dir3. 2.4 .. Determination of the characteristic dimension of matrix block
    According to the invention, during this sub-step, a characteristic dimension of the matrix block is determined for the mesh in question.
    According to an embodiment of the invention in which the permeability tensor has been determined by considering constant fracture thicknesses and permeabilities for all the fractures of said fracture network (see sub-step 2.2), it is determined a characteristic dimension of the matrix block for the mesh considered according to a formula of the form:
    (1) where Kj is the eigenvalue of the equivalent permeability tensor of the fracture network in the mesh considered according to the main direction dirj, with j varying from 1 to 3, said tensor being calculated in substep 2.2 and the main directions and eigenvalues of said tensor being determined in substep 2.3; kf and ef are respectively values, predefined by the specialist, of permeability and thickness representative of all the fractures of said fracture network; and t1 is the characteristic dimension of said matrix block in said main flow direction din, i varying from 1 to 3. According to one embodiment of the invention, = 100mDe = 0.001m is used. According to this last embodiment of the invention, in which it is further assumed that the block sizes are substantially greater than the thicknesses of the fractures, the formula in (1) can be simplified according to a formula of the type (with the notations previously described):
    (2)
    According to one embodiment of the invention, a characterisitic dimension of the matrix block is determined according to a function relation of at least the eigenvalues of the equivalent permeability tensor of the fractured medium calculated in step 2.2 and of a tensor of equivalent surface permeability of the fractured medium. According to one embodiment of the invention, said equivalent surface permeability tensor is calculated according to at least the following steps: - the considered mesh is reoriented along the main directions of flow (calculated in step 2.3). FIG. 3 is an illustration of this step, a mesh (left part of FIG. 3) being reoriented according to the principal directions of flow dir.sub.2.sub.2, dir.sub.3; for each main flow direction, the flow of said fluid issuing from the fracture traces present on the faces (of said reoriented mesh) perpendicular to the main direction considered is determined. The faces F1 + and F1- perpendicular to the direction dir15 are for example presented in gray in Figure 3 (right part of Figure 3). According to one embodiment of the invention, the reoriented mesh is constructed so that the surfaces of the faces Fi + and Fi- are identical; for each main direction of flow, said equivalent surface permeability is determined in the direction considered by equivalence of said flow with a flow representative of a homogeneous medium.
    According to this last embodiment, it leads to an equivalent surface permeability Kf in the main direction dir, (with i varying from 1 to 3) which can be expressed according to a formula of the type:
    (4) where nbfr (i) is the number of fractures intersecting the faces Fi + and Fi-, kf, lf, and ej: are respectively their permeability, their length and their opening on the face i, is the average surface of the faces Fi + and Fi-, In the case where the permeability tensor has been determined by considering constant fracture thicknesses and permeabilities for all the fractures of the fracture network (cf substep 2.2), we obtain an equivalent surface permeability Kf in the main direction dir, (with i varying from 1 to 3) which can be expressed according to a formula of the type:
    (4 ') where nbfr (i) is the number of fractures intersecting the faces Fi + and Fi-, lf is their length on the face i, Sj is the mean surface of the faces Fi + and Fi-, kf and ef are respectively values, predefined by the specialist, permeability and thickness representative of all the fractures of said fracture network. According to one embodiment of the invention, kf = 100mD and ef = 0.001m are used.
    According to one embodiment of the invention, the characteristic dimension of the matrix block of the mesh considered in the direction dir, (with i varying from 1 to 3) is determined according to a formula of the type (with the notations described previously). :
    (5) where Φ is the porosity of the fractures present in the mesh considered, P2 is the average ratio between the surface of fractures on the faces of the mesh perpendicular to the main direction dir, and the surface of said faces. According to one embodiment of the invention, the ratio P2 can be expressed (with the notations previously described) according to a formula of the type:
    (6)
    In the case where the permeability tensor has been determined by considering constant fracture thicknesses and permeabilities for all the fractures of the fracture network (cf substep 2.2), the formula (6) can be simplified in the same way next :
    (6 ') 2.5. Quality Control
    This sub-step is optional and consists in determining at least one criterion making it possible to evaluate whether it is acceptable to represent a given cell by several matrix blocks of the same characteristic dimension.
    According to a first embodiment of the invention, a geometrical parameter Egeom is determined according to a formula of the type (with the notations described in the preceding sub-step):
    Thus, the more the fracture network in the mesh under consideration is homogeneous, the smaller the error Egeom, and therefore the more it is justified to break down a given mesh by matrix blocks of the same characteristic dimension. According to one embodiment of the invention, a criterion is considered indicating that it is necessary to determine at least two matrix block dimensions for the mesh considered when the geometrical parameter Egeom is greater than a value predefined by the specialist, for example when Egeom is greater than 50%.
    According to another embodiment of the invention, a dynamic parameter Eldyn is determined for a principal direction dir, given (with i varying from 1 to 3) according to a formula (with the notations described in the preceding substep) like :
    Thus, the more the network in the mesh considered is homogeneous, the more the error Edyn is weak, and therefore the more it is justified to break down a given mesh by matrix blocks of the same characteristic dimension. According to one embodiment of the invention, it is considered that it is necessary to determine at least two matrix block dimensions for the mesh considered when the dynamic parameter Edyn is greater than a value predefined by the specialist, for example Edyn is greater than 50% for at least one of the main flow directions (dir, with i ranging from 1 to 3), for at least two directions, or for all three directions.
    According to an implementation mode of the invention in which a criterion making it possible to evaluate the relevance of only representing a given mesh by matrices blocks of the same dimension is not verified (for example if at least the geometrical parameter Egeom or the dynamic parameter Edyn has a value greater than an acceptable value predefined by the specialist), it is possible to implement the process described in patent FR 2923930 (US 8688424) for the mesh in question. This method makes it possible to calculate a matrix block size, representative of non-fractured rock blocks, from a discrete fracture network model, an image analysis and the interpolation of an invasion curve. .
    Steps 2.1 to 2.4 (and possibly 2.5) may be repeated for each of the meshes of the mesh representation of the formation considered or for each of the meshes representative of the mesh groups of the mesh representation if appropriate (see optional step 1.2). Advantageously, when the steps 2.1 to 2.4 (and possibly 2.5) are carried out for a mesh representative of a mesh group, the meshs of said mesh group are assigned the equivalent permeability tensor and / or the matrix block characteristic dimension determined for the representative mesh considered. In this way, the calculation of the equivalent permeability tensor and / or the characteristic dimension being limited to the representative meshes, a saving in computation time is obtained. 3. Optimum exploitation scheme of the training fluid
    During this step, it is necessary to define at least one optimal exploitation scheme of the fluid contained in the formation, that is to say an operating diagram allowing optimal exploitation of a fluid considered according to technical and economic criteria predefined by the specialist. It can be a scenario with a high fluid recovery rate over a long operating life and requiring a limited number of wells. Then, according to the invention, the fluid of the studied formation is exploited according to this optimal exploitation scheme.
    According to the invention, the determination of the exploitation scheme is carried out by means of a flow simulation exploiting at least the meshed representation of the formation studied, the characteristic dimension of the matrix block calculated in the substep 2.4 and a tensor of equivalent permeability of the fracture network, quantities determined for at least one mesh of the meshed representation. According to one embodiment of the invention, the equivalent permeability tensor used for the flow simulation is determined from the characteristics of the fracture network in each of the meshs of the meshed representation (cf substep 2.2). Advantageously, the quantities required for the flow simulation have been determined for each mesh of the meshed representation, or for at least each mesh representative of mesh groups of the meshed representation. In the latter case, the values determined for a given representative mesh are advantageously attributed to all the cells of said group.
    According to one embodiment of the invention, this step is used for a flow simulation based on a "double medium" approach. For this type of flow simulation, the flow of fluids is through fractures for the most part, and fluid exchanges occur locally between fractures and matrix blocks (matrix-crack exchange). An example of a dual medium flow simulator is PumaFlow software (IFP Energies nouvelles, France).
    According to the invention, at any instant t of the simulation, the flow simulator solves the set of flow equations specific to each mesh and delivers solution values of the unknowns (saturations, pressures, concentrations, temperature, ... ) predicted at this moment t. From this resolution, comes the knowledge of the quantities of oil produced and the state of the deposit (distribution of pressures, saturations, etc ...) at the moment considered. From a given exploitation scenario, from the double representation of the deposit, and from the formula linking the mass and / or energy exchange flux to the matrix-fracture potential difference, we are then able to to simulate expected hydrocarbon production using the so-called dual medium flow simulator.
    The definition of a fluid exploitation scheme of the studied formation may consist of choosing a type of recovery process (for example a water injection recovery method) and then determining, for this type of process, the number , geometry and implantation (position and spacing) of injectors and producers to better take into account the impact of fractures on the progression of fluids within the reservoir. In order to define an optimal exploitation scheme, different tests of different production scenarios can be carried out using a flow simulator. The operating scheme offering the best fluid recovery rate for the lowest cost will for example be preferred.
    By selecting various scenarios, characterized for example by various respective locations of injectors and producers, and by simulating the production of fluid for each of them, one can select the scenario to optimize the production of the training considered according to technical criteria. -economic predefined by the specialist.
    The specialists then use the fluid of the formation considered according to the scenario making it possible to optimize the production of the deposit, in particular by drilling the injectors and producers defined by this optimal exploitation scheme, and to produce the fluid according to the recovery method defined. by said optimal operating scheme. The invention further relates to a computer program product downloadable from a communication network and / or recorded on a computer-readable and / or executable medium by a processor, comprising program code instructions for the implementation of the method according to one of the preceding features, when said program is executed on a computer.
    Application example
    The characteristics and advantages of the method according to the invention will appear more clearly on reading the application examples hereinafter.
    The present invention has been applied to a subterranean formation composed of 10 layers. The mesh representation of this formation consists of 1,050,000 meshes (350x300x10).
    In a first example, it is considered that the subterranean formation is characterized by two families of fractures: a first family, having a spacing between fractures of 5m, the fractures of this family having an average length of 20m and an average orientation of 10 ° ; a second family, having a spacing between fractures of 3m, the fractures of this family having an average length of 45m and an average orientation of 100 °.
    Figure 4 shows for illustrative distribution of these two families of fractures in said formation. It can be observed in this figure that the two families of fractures are substantially orthogonal to each other. This figure has in particular the main directions of flow di1 and dir2, which are substantially parallel to the orientations of these two families of fractures. For purposes of comparison, a matrix block characteristic dimension is determined according to two prior art methods (rasterization method and ray-pulling method described above) and according to the method according to the invention.
    The calculation times for each of these methods, applied to all the meshs of the meshed representation, are given in Table 1. It may be noted in particular that the calculation times obtained by the method according to the invention (column 3). are much lower than those obtained by the pixilation method (column 1), and even those obtained by the ray-pulling method (column 2).
    Table 1
    The values of the matrix block characteristic dimensions obtained for each of these three methods are also indicated in table 2. It can be observed that the pixilation method (column 2) allows a good approximation of the sizes of matrix blocks but remains the farthest true sizes (9.6m instead of 5m in direction 1, and 4.2m instead of 3m in direction 2). The draw-ray method (column 3) offers a good approximation of the expected dimensions, but generally has the disadvantage of being dependent on the position of the rays and the number of rays used. The characteristic dimension of matrix block obtained by the process according to the invention (column 4) is the closest to reality, and this, whatever the direction of flow considered.
    Table 2
    In a second example (not shown), it is considered that the first family of fractures has an average orientation of 70 °. The fractures of the simplified fracture model will therefore tend to be all oriented in the direction of flow din. This should result in an increase in the matrix block size in the din direction and a decrease in the block size in dir2 direction (more fractures in this direction will be intercepted). This behavior is better captured by the method according to the invention (column 4 of Table 3) than by the ray-pulling method (column 3 of Table 3), and by the rasterization method (column 2 of Table 3). In addition, the method according to the invention has the advantage of being independent of the position and the density of drawn radii, and better captures the connectivity effects of the network.
    Table 3
    Thus, the method according to the invention makes it possible in particular to determine a relatively accurate matrix block characteristic dimension, and this, in reasonable calculation times, making the method applicable routinely. In addition, the method according to the invention does not necessarily require calculating a discrete fracture network model. In addition, the method according to the invention does not require a 2D hypothesis (with a layer-by-layer application in particular), which makes it applicable to three-dimensional fracture networks. The matrix block characteristic dimensions thus determined by the method according to the invention can then be integrated into a more general method for operating a fluid of a subterranean formation, including at least one flow simulation step.
    权利要求:
    Claims (11)
    [1" id="c-fr-0001]
    1. A method for the exploitation of a fluid within an underground formation traversed by a fracture network, in which, from measurements of properties relating to said formation, a meshed representation of said formation is constructed and determined. statistical parameters relating to said fracture network, characterized in that at least one of the following steps is carried out for at least one mesh of said meshed representation: A. said mesh is decomposed into at least one matrix block, said matrix block representing a portion of said non-fractured formation, said block being delimited by fractures of said network of fractures present in said mesh; B. determining an equivalent permeability tensor of the fracture network in said mesh; C. determining the main flow directions and the eigenvalues of said equivalent permeability tensor along said directions; D. determining a characteristic dimension of said matrix block according to a function relation at least of said eigenvalues of said permeability tensor; and in that, from at least said mesh representation, of said characteristic dimension of said matrix block and a flow simulator, an optimum operating scheme of said fluid of said formation is defined and said fluid of said formation is exploited. said training according to said optimal operating scheme.
    [2" id="c-fr-0002]
    2. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said statistical parameters are selected from the following parameters: fracture density, fracture length, orientation of fractures in space, opening of fractures, and distribution of fractures within said formation.
    [3" id="c-fr-0003]
    3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said equivalent permeability tensor for said mesh is determined by first constructing a model of a discrete fracture network for said mesh.
    [4" id="c-fr-0004]
    4. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said characteristic dimension of said matrix block of said mesh is determined according to a formula of the form:

    where Kj is said eigenvalue of said equivalent permeability tensor along said main direction j, with j varying from 1 to 3, kf and ef are respectively predetermined values of permeability and thickness representative of all the fractures of said fracture network; and t 'is said characteristic dimension of said matrix block in said main direction of flow i, i varying from 1 to 3.
    [5" id="c-fr-0005]
    5. Method according to one of claims 1 to 3, wherein said characteristic dimension of said matrix block of said mesh is determined according to a formula of the form:

    Where Kj is said eigenvalue of said equivalent permeability tensor along said main direction j, with j varying from 1 to 3, kf and ef are respectively predetermined values of permeability and thickness representative of all the fractures of said network of fractures, and t 'is said characteristic dimension of said matrix block in said main flow direction i i, which may vary from 1 to 3.
    [6" id="c-fr-0006]
    6. Method according to one of claims 1 to 3, wherein said characteristic dimension of said matrix block of said mesh is determined according to a function of at least said eigenvalues of said equivalent permeability tensor and a surface permeability tensor. equivalent, said tensor of equivalent surface permeability being determined according to at least the following steps: - reorienting said mesh according to said main directions of flow; for each main direction of flow, the flow of said fluid issuing from the fracture traces present on the faces of said reoriented mesh perpendicular to said main direction is determined; for each main direction of flow, said equivalent surface permeability in said direction is determined by equivalence of said flow with a flow representative of a homogeneous medium.
    [7" id="c-fr-0007]
    7- Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein is further determined a criterion of acceptability of the representation of said mesh by a plurality of matrix blocks of the same characteristic dimension.
    [8" id="c-fr-0008]
    8- Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said mesh, for which steps A) to D) are carried out, is a mesh representative of a mesh group of said mesh representation, said mesh group being determined by example from at least said statistical parameter, and wherein, in step D), said characteristic dimension is assigned to said matrix blocks of said meshes of said group.
    [9" id="c-fr-0009]
    9- Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said optimum operating scheme is defined by determining a recovery process of said fluid, and a number, an implantation and a geometry of injectors wells and / or producers allowing meet pre-defined technical and economic criteria.
    [10" id="c-fr-0010]
    10- Process according to claim 9, wherein said exploitation of said fluid according to said optimal exploitation scheme consists at least in drilling said injectors and / or producing wells and producing said fluid according to said recovery method.
    [11" id="c-fr-0011]
    11- Computer program product downloadable from a communication network and / or recorded on a computer readable medium and / or executable by a processor, comprising program code instructions for the implementation of the method according to one of the preceding claims, when said program is executed on a computer.
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    法律状态:
    2016-12-12| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 2 |
    2017-06-23| PLSC| Publication of the preliminary search report|Effective date: 20170623 |
    2017-12-14| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 3 |
    2019-12-24| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 5 |
    2020-12-29| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 6 |
    2021-12-27| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 7 |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    FR1562615A|FR3045868B1|2015-12-17|2015-12-17|METHOD FOR CHARACTERIZING AND EXPLOITING AN UNDERGROUND FORMATION COMPRISING A NETWORK OF FRACTURES|FR1562615A| FR3045868B1|2015-12-17|2015-12-17|METHOD FOR CHARACTERIZING AND EXPLOITING AN UNDERGROUND FORMATION COMPRISING A NETWORK OF FRACTURES|
    EP16306491.8A| EP3181804A1|2015-12-17|2016-11-15|Method for characterising and exploiting an underground formation comprising a network of fractures|
    US15/382,751| US10641923B2|2015-12-17|2016-12-19|Method for characterizing and exploiting a subterranean formation comprising a network of fractures|
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